The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted two 510 (k) clearances for implants which restore the integrity of the spine in tumor and infection cases.

but the accuracy of pedicle screw placement has not been confirmed in more dogs. Drill guides manufactured with rapid-prototyping technology have been compared to intra-operative fluoroscopy in the ...

They underwent surgery in the lumbar and/or sacral spine ... The A rating is assigned to screw placement completely within the pedicle, a bony structure on the vertebra that protects the spinal ...