All systems can be understood using an input-process-output (IPO) model, and the system we call “innovation” is no exception. This model is likely familiar to you from information technology ...

Computer control uses computers to manage devices. It offers high accuracy and reprogrammability. Systems involve input, processing, and output. Flowcharts plan sequences.

Each flow chart is concerned with one particular process or system. It begins with the input of data or materials into the system and traces all the procedures needed to convert the input into its ...