Venom-derived peptide toxins can modify the gating characteristics of excitatory channels in neurons. How they bind and interfere with the flow of ions without directly blocking the ion permeation ...

Strong negative deviations from additivity are found in systems in which complex ions are likely to exist in the mixtures (PbCl2-KCl, CdCl2-KCl, CdCl2-NaCl). In the systems CdCl2-KCl and PbCl2-KCl, ...