Background Mechanical stress on the heart is commonly considered the sole stimulus explaining the synthesis and release of circulating natriuretic peptides and their derivatives. While one of the most ...

[5] an effect which may in part be due to direct stimulation of cardiac myocytes or central and humoral activation. The effect of caffeine is more pronounced in subjects who do not drink coffee ...

The enzymes troponin I and troponin T are normal proteins that are important in the contractile apparatus of the cardiac myocyte. The proteins are released into the circulation between 3 and 4 ...

Intracellular calcium within the cardiac myocytes is increased by digoxin, resulting in increased inotropy, or contractility. Digoxin toxicity causes hyperkalemia, or high potassium. The sodium ...