Optical communication systems have evolved significantly over recent years with the advent of advanced modulation techniques designed to enhance spectral efficiency and mitigate interference ...

The amplitude of the modulating signal controls the amplitude of the carrier frequency, as well as that of the sidebands, in the resulting spectrum. The strength of the modulation is called the depth ...

In the fields of optoelectronic technology and optical information processing, light modulation and control constitute pivotal technologies for achieving efficient optical communication, optical ...

Physical limitations of channel bandwidths led to the use of four-level amplitude modulation (PAM4) schemes rather than non-return-to-zero (NRZ) modulation for 400-Gb/s systems developed in the ...