The aforementioned phase transition in the HYPER model sees the mass of the mediator particle suddenly decrease with this change occurring after the formation of dark matter.

Particles go through a series of movements and arrangements. The more compact the arrangement is, the more solid it is. The kinetic particle theory describes this.

Physicists with the U.S. Department of Energy have discovered a new phase of matter—and, with apologies to George R. R. Martin, it's something of "a song of ice and fire." The duo from the ...

Thus, equation (1) is akin to a quasi-particle theory: the coordination number z in equation (1) can be considered a coarse-grained average associated with ‘quasi-particles’ with free volume W.