Piano key weirs (PKWs) represent an innovative evolution in hydraulic structure design, optimising water discharge efficiency and enhancing flood control. Their characteristic stepped geometry ...

Emphasis is placed on optimising hydraulic structures, such as weirs, channels, and embankments, where accurate prediction of flow parameters—particularly the discharge coefficient—is critical.

The hydraulic system, which has been described as an advanced industrial complex that existed long before the 18th century Industrial Revolution in Europe, consists of a network of weir bridges ...