China and Vietnam engaged in military clashes over the Paracel and ... As depicted in various official and unofficial Chinese maps, the line extends off the coast of China's Hainan Island, and ...

Other examples are less obvious. In the Vietnam war, the US military produced maps that designated specific regions of Vietnam as "free-fire zones," meaning any person or activity within that zone ...

The nine-dash line is used in Chinese maps to mark its claim over as ... carrying out aggressive incursions and developing military installations. Vietnam, with its long-held acrimonious ties ...