Type 1 — in which the valves function normally but dilation (widening) or openings cause the leaks Type 2 — in which excessive leaflet tissue causes aortic cusp prolapse ...

Review Article Published: 14 October 2014 Cardiac valve cells and their microenvironment—insights from in vitro studies Huan Wang, Leslie A. Leinwand & Kristi S. Anseth Nature Reviews Cardiology ...

Various bacteria or fungi can attack the valves causing severe damage and complications. As a result, the damaged valves might not function properly, leading to stenosis or regurgitation.

Following the procedure, patients demonstrated a 0.1098 L increase (P < .001) in lung function, or FEV 1; however, this measure was found to fall by 0.044 L per year (P < .001) in both these ...