The Kardashev Scale, first proposed by Russian astronomer Nikolai Kardashev, measures the technological advancement of ...

Imagine arriving in a galaxy where humanity controls every star, planet, and particle of energy. This is the reality of a ...

Type 2 and 3 civilizations—mastery of one or many stars respectively—are the stuff of extreme sci-fi—we’re talking Dyson spheres, black hole engines, artificial worlds, galactic empires ...

As defined in 1964 by Nikola Kardashev, a Soviet astronomer, a Type 1 civilization is able to store and use all the energy available on its planet. We’re not even close to that.