Download this article as a PDF. Hydraulic circuits are comprised of cylinders, valves, pumps, and are connected via hydraulic pipes and tubes. The complexity of these components are difficult to ...

Modern single-coil beehive springs are a different story, however. They're designed for today's engines, which typically feature more valve lift and operate at higher speeds.

THE author shows how the success of a valve-spring design is intrinsically related to both the cam design and the valve gear dynamics obtained at high engine speeds. Good valve gear dynamics, which is ...