Figure 5-11. An example signal constellation for QAM. Another way of viewing QAM is to make a cross-correlation analysis (equation (5.71)) of the carriers used: cos (2 πfc t ) and sin (2 πf c t ).

An FSK modulation scheme with M = 2 is sometimes referred to as a binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) system. Commonly, the shape of the frequency functions is chosen to be smoother than square ...

Spectral analysis and design of AM, FM and pulse modulation systems, continuous and discrete. AM, FM, and various pulse modulation methods, in the presence of noise. Digital modulation & demodulation ...

This study presents a chip-scale acousto-optic phase modulation approach based on flexible PDMS for generating sub-MHz interleaved frequency combs for higher-resolution. When integrated with ...

Time-domain analysis, the original oscilloscope function, allows users to see the signal’s modulation envelope. It also enables measurement of signal-transition times, overshoot, and other time ...