Southern Oscillation’s global reach and complex ocean–atmosphere interactions across timescales, two simple, elegant equations capture its key dynamics and defining properties.

A confluence of factors, including warmer-than-average water temperatures, could mean a heightened 2025 hurricane season.

When La Niña sets in during hurricane season, it has the potential to dramatically increase both the number and strength of ...

In the south Pacific, they combine with ocean currents to create a climate system called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). But when trade winds strengthen or weaken just a little ...

A Monash University-led study is prompting scientists to rethink how the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system evolved and how it might behave in the future as our climate continues to change.The ...