According to the mode of actuation, a distinction is made between direct-acting valves, internally piloted valves, and externally piloted valves. A further distinguishing feature is the number of port ...

The liquid line begins at the outlet of the receiver and includes the filter drier, sight glass, and any other components located between the receiver and TXV. Other components may include solenoid ...

Injection rate profile is a powerful tool to control engine performance and emission levels. In particular, the Common Rail (C.R.) injection system has allowed flexible fuel injection in DI-diesel ...

The model-based detection method employs a simple thermal model of the solenoid and an extended Kalman filter (EKF) for generating coil current residuals. The EKF utilizes measurements of coil voltage ...

Accurate and reliable pressure regulation is the primary function of the brake-by-wire (BBW) system in electric vehicles (EVs) and autonomous vehicles (AVs). At this stage, a large number of BBW ...