It is very interesting to note that sixty years earlier, Henry David Thoreau described forest succession for the first time in his book ... Both primary and secondary sites in initial succession ...

Cold-tolerant pioneer species like grasses begin to establish, their seeds blown in or carried by birds. The process of secondary succession is similar, but does not begin from the blank slate of bare ...

This type of succession is often called secondary succession (Connell & Slayter 1977). Early successional communities are those that establish themselves relatively quickly after disturbance ...

It is therefore crucial to resolve whether N 2-fixing trees can relieve nitrogen limitation and ensure fixation as an ecosystem service 20 during tropical forest secondary succession. The ...