Finally, the data also showed that retired rugby players tended to have lower blood levels of a "retinoid transport protein" called RBP-4, which is crucial to healthy brain function and development.

Finally, the data also showed that retired rugby players tended to have lower blood levels of a "retinoid transport protein" called RBP-4, which is crucial to healthy brain function and development.

Alanazi, N., Fitzgerald, M., Hume, P., et al. (2024). Concussion-Related Biomarker Variations in Retired Rugby Players and Implications for Neurodegenerative Disease Risk: The UK Rugby Health Study.

Ellis Genge: Retired rugby players are out of touch – England won, stop moaning Ellis Genge celebrates after England score a try en route to victory against Scotland - Getty Images/Dan Mullan ...

Retired rugby players who have suffered multiple concussions have higher levels of certain proteins in their blood, which may make them more prone to developing diseases such as motor neurone ...

Retired rugby players who have suffered multiple concussions have higher levels of certain proteins in their blood, which may make them more prone to developing diseases such as motor neurone ...

Some former professional rugby players found to have "increased levels of key brain markers which are potential signs of neurodegeneration and increased risk of developing dementia in later life ...