If the clinical history is not helpful (e.g., there is no documentation of the efficacy of drug "A"), then measuring a renin level (either plasma renin activity or direct renin) can be helpful ...

The aldosterone-renin ratio (ARR) has gained popularity as a screening test for primary hyperaldosteronism, a probably underdiagnosed cause of hypertension. However, studies have yielded varying ...

But when blood pressure levels decrease significantly and for long periods, smooth muscle cells in the kidney, and some other ...