Central to the operation of the renal system are the nephrons, of which there are approximately 1-1.3 million per adult kidney (Zambon et al, 2014). Approximately 80-85% of these are termed cortical ...

The functions of the renal system include removal of waste products; regulation of blood volume, blood pressure and red blood cells; and balancing of electrolytes and blood pH. Renal function starts ...

Approved for commercial use in more than 60 countries around the world, the Symplicity Spyral renal denervation system is limited to investigational use in the United States, Japan, and Canada.

Renal cell carcinoma, especially clear cell, gains access to the venous system as the initial route of extrarenal spread. Intravenous growth can involve extrarenal veins or renal veins in other ...

Each kidney is made up of about 1 million tubules that are the basic functioning unit of the kidney that can make urine and these are known as nephrons. About 180 litres of blood, which run ...

Nutcracker syndrome (NS) is a condition in which the left renal vein becomes compressed. This can restrict blood flow, which may lead to symptoms such as left flank pain and blood and protein in ...

It's Complicated Jeffrey M. Testani; Kevin Damman Disclosures Eur J Heart Fail. 2013;15 (6):599-601. For quite some time, venous congestion has been suspected as a cause of renal dysfunction (RD).

“Clinical research to date shows that renal denervation with the Symplicity Catheter System may provide a significant and sustained reduction in blood pressure levels for many patients with ...

Venous Congestion The concept that elevated venous pressure is transmitted back to the renal veins and kidneys, leading to renal dysfunction, has been demonstrated in experimental animal studies. [41] ...