I used as major reference for this Crossroads column and that on Feb. 12, his Essays on Philippine Colonial Economy (De La Salle University Press, 2003) which was based on his Ph.D. thesis at Yale.

Fiscal outlines of the colonial period. Spain colonized us for 400 years and the United States for a much shorter time, roughly 40 years until the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth in 1936.

The lack of nonfarm jobs is a legacy of policies from colonial powers that once ruled the Philippines. In the Philippines, the U.S. tested policies like pegging currency values to gold.

He was therefore pleasantly surprised when Singapore-based Faction Press’ publisher Chye Shu Wen reached out to him and suggested compiling all the research and writing he had done for various ...

Bordered by the South China Sea in the west and the Sulu and Celebes seas in the south, the Philippines is home to some 175 ethnolinguistic groups across over 7000 islands. The Spanish colonial period ...

Instead, the best collection of colonial architecture in the Philippines lies 250 miles to the north, in the obscure coastal town of Vigan.