In Figure 5-9 (b), we have used M = 4, giving four signal points and a system called quadruple phase shift keying (QPSK) or 4PSK . In Figure 5-9 (c) M = 8, i.e. the signal constellation 8PSK , etc.

Phase shift analysis remains a cornerstone of modern scattering theory, underpinning our understanding of how particles interact under various potential fields. By examining the phase differences ...