“In mature markets open loop payments can make up as much as 60 percent of total fare revenues for transit agencies, and we see that number growing,” he says.

Open-loop systems are fine for light use in clean water. For everyone else, closed-loop systems offer better protection, longer life, and fewer nightmares when something inevitably goes wrong.

How often does an existing open condenser water system, or some other type of open water system, get reused as part of a building renovation project and/or mechanical system upgrade? It happens ...

When properly implemented using established payment infrastructure, open-loop systems offer robust security, comparable to their use at conventional point-of-sale (POS) terminals.