Researchers do not fully understand the causes of esophageal spasms. The current theories link the condition to irregular nerve activity in the esophageal muscles, exposure to stomach acids due to ...

This illustration is a lateral view of the brain stem. Note that cranial nerves V and VII arise in pons and IX, X and XII arise in medulla. In medulla, these nuclei are closely packed and can be ...

leading to improved bolus transit in patients with severe IEM. The results suggest a role for cholinergic nerves in the control of esophageal peristalsis.