and commensalism (where one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped). Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship where all species involved benefit from their interactions.

Clownfish and sea anemones are one of the most well-known examples of mutualism. Both animal species provide a myriad of benefits to each other. Ultimately, clownfish live in sea anemones because ...

detailing how these organisms live off other animals for sustenance. It explains mutualism through examples like termites and their symbiotic microorganisms, while emphasizing the harmful effects ...

Mutualistic interactions are mutually beneficial species interactions. Plant-pollinator mutualisms are particularly important, and involve nearly 170,000 plant and 200,000 animal species.

In general, mutualism can be expected to have nonlinear functional responses for which the demographic rates of one mutualistic species vary with the density of another mutualistic species ...

“We mostly think about plant signaling as targeting sight and smell, but here these plants are not so much giving a ‘shout out’ but a ‘shout back’ to the bats to come on over,” Rohan Clarke, an ...