It is defined as, ’’The solid portion of the earth is the Lithosphere. It comprises the rocks of the earth’s crust and the thin layers of soil that contain nutrient elements which sustain ...

He proposes the idea of "lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling," or LAIC, as an overarching phenomenon that could provide early seismic red flags.

More information: M. E. Borrelli et al, Formation of Pancake Domes on Venus as Viscous Flows Over an Elastic Lithosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets (2025). DOI: 10.1029/2024JE008571 ...