In 49 BC, when Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon River in northern Italy with his army, in doing so, he understood that this act was the beginning of civil war in ancient Rome.

This week (Jan. 10 by the Roman calendar) in 49 BC, Roman proconsul Julius Cesar and his army crossed the Rubicon River, which marked the boundary between the Roman province of Gaul and Italy proper.

Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Mark Antony, and Octavian transformed Rome 2,000 years ago through military might, power plays, and political intrigue.

When Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon River, the ground had been softened by decades of political enmity and undermining. If respect would not be given, he would take it by the sword.

Cicero was also sent to exile, as he had executed five conspirators who remained in Rome, without trial. The Catilinarian conspiracy ended in failure, but it gave a way for Julius Caesar to cross the ...

A bust found at the bottom of a river in Arles, France, may be the truest representation of Julius Caesar ever found. The marble sculpture of a man in his 50s, with facial wrinkles and a receding ...