An inner direct-current electrode was used to fine tune the field, reducing the residual electrostatic force on the ion to about 10 −20 N; this displaces the ion within the dipole trap but is ...

In an RF trap, the electromagnetic field acts on the ion’s dipole moment, generating a force that keeps it confined. In an optical trap, the confinement arises from the optical dipole force.

Intermolecular bonds are found between molecules. They are also known as Van der Waals forces, and there are several types to consider. London dispersion forces are the weakest type of ...