until the Hong Kong influenza pandemic caused by a new virus started in 1968 in China. As in 1958, the new virus was different from the previous one, but this time only the HA was modified while ...

Birds are hosts for all influenza A subtypes and are the reservoir from which new HA subtypes are introduced into humans (Palese, 2004). Deciphering the 1918 Epidemic Because influenza viruses ...

Two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), and the M2 ion-channel protein are embedded in the viral envelope, which is derived from the host's plasma membrane.

Achieving more universal immunity therefore requires deep understanding of influenza’s variability, particularly the variability of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein, which mediates virus binding ...

We have developed a new universal influenza B vaccination strategy based on inactivated influenza B viruses displaying mosaic hemagglutinins (mHAs). Recombinant mHA viruses were constructed by ...

The recombinant process isolates the hemagglutinin (HA) influenza virus gene and reproduces it inside insect cells with the help of another virus that excels at growing inside insect cells.

The sa-mRNA vaccine candidate is designed to make many copies of mRNA within the host cell after intramuscular injection to achieve enhanced expression of haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase ...

Two surface proteins, HA and NA, determine the antigenic properties of influenza virus strains. In 1958, a new strain of influenza A with different HA and NA was identified and antigenic shift was ...