The constant term in the equation (the + 1 or ‒ 2) shows the point where the graph crosses the y -axis. This is known as the y -intercept and is represented by the letter c in y = m x + c.

For example, you could show line graphs for temperature and humidity on top of each other. For this purpose, Excel lets you add a series of data to a chart and plot it on a second y-axis.

The translation of graphs is explored A translation is a movement of the graph either horizontally parallel to the \ (x\)-axis or vertically parallel to the \ (y\)-axis.

Step approximation models provide a simple method of studying mode propagation and mode conversion in planar Y-branch optical waveguides. They are, however, only applicable to small branching angles ...