When Poland was invaded on September 1, 1939, the vast majority of its 3.3 million Jews remained in place, naively hoping for the best. A small and perceptive minority, fearing Nazi atrocities, fled ...

While many European nations face stagnation, Poland shines, even outperforming its former Soviet counterparts, including resource-rich Russia. Despite historical challenges and its unique ...

In the Soviet Union, this control was not limited to symbolic ... This model was exported across Eastern and Central Europe during the Cold War. In East Germany, Czechoslovakia and Poland, ministries ...

The first sign that freedom was actually working in the former Soviet Bloc would prove to be a little more mundane: the falling price of Polish Eggs. By the 1980s, Poland's command economy was in ...

In the Soviet Union, this control was not ... Eastern and Central Europe during the Cold War. In East Germany, Czechoslovakia and Poland, ministries dictated curricula, Marxism-Leninism became ...