A function can be illustrated on a graph – points are plotted as coordinates and joined by either a straight line or a smooth curve. A linear function has an equation of the form \ (y = mx + c\).

This article considers the monotone smoothing spline regression problem. We add, as the smoothness penalty term, the integral of the squared second derivative of the regression function. The objective ...

A quadratic function has an equation of the form y = a x 2 + b x + c where b and/or c can be equal to zero, but a is not equal to zero. Its graph is a smooth symmetrical curve.