The variability among living organisms on the earth, including the variability within and between species and within and between ecosystems. Biological diversity, often shortened to biodiversity, is ...

Healthy ecosystems are essential for human well being, as they provide invaluable functions and services including sustaining living marine resources. The health of ecosystems is therefore not ...

The accumulation of toxic elements poses a significant threat to terrestrial ecosystems, with the patterns and influencing ...

The biotic parts of the ecosystem, which include bacteria, flora and fauna, have a complex relationship with the abiotic components - changing one will lead to a change in the other.

And each of these important elements cycle through the Earth system. Ecosystems can be thought of as a battleground for these elements, in which species that are more efficient competitors can ...

Wetlands, rivers, lakes, and coastal estuaries are all aquatic ecosystems—critical elements of Earth’s dynamic processes and essential to human economies and health. Wetlands connect land and ...

Industrial fishing removes large amounts of nutrients like carbon and phosphorus. This disrupts marine food webs.

The accumulation of toxic elements poses a significant threat to terrestrial ecosystems, with the patterns and influencing factors of this accumulation being complex. However, elevational patterns ...