Cyclic β-1,2 ... the 3- OH group of the glucose molecule at subsite +2. Simultaneously, E1442 acts as a nucleophile, attacking the anomeric center at subsite –1 to form a glycosyl-enzyme ...

“Oral Coadministration of Zn-Insulin with D‑Form Small Intestine-Permeable Cyclic Peptide Enhances Its Blood Glucose-Lowering Effect in Mice.” It has been over 100 years since the discovery ...