Open cooling towers expose process cooling water to the atmosphere, typically as part of a chiller system loop (see Figure 1). These open towers use an efficient, simple, and economical design. All ...

Featuring patent-pending SmartSpray™ technology, the PF2 induced draft counterflow closed-circuit cooling tower optimizes spray coverage to fully wet the coil. According to the manufacturer, the ...

Closed-circuit liquid cooling is a key innovation area in automotive Process fluid is pumped through coils inside a closed-circuit cooler. A water distribution system cascades water over the coil ...

[2] A large-scale stochastic simulation-based thermodynamic optimization for the hybrid closed circuit cooling tower system with parallel computing. Energy (2023).