Case #1: Transposition and creation of brachial-cephalic AV fistula with endoscopic vein harvesting. The initial antecubital fossa incision was about 2 cm in length.

Cite this: Regional Anesthesia: Preferred Technique for Venodilatation in the Creation of Upper Extremity Arteriovenous Fistulae - Medscape - Jan 01, 2006.

Archive Effects of Change of Head, Limb and Body Position on Cephalic Circulation Author: James F. Toole, M.D. Author Info & Affiliations Published August 8, 1968 N Engl J Med 1968;279: 307 - 311 ...

Perinatal/Neonatal Casebook Published: 12 December 2002 Perinatal/Neonatal Case Book Intraparenchymal Brain Hemorrhage and Remote Soft Tissue Arteriovenous Malformation in a Newborn Infant Sandra ...

Case #4: Brachial-cephalic AV fistula ligation and excision. As in case #2, the incision was established through the original creation-site scar at the antecubital fossa.