It's actually pretty easy to build a speaker emulator for a given driver – use a bunch of inductors, capacitors, and resistors to synthesize the impedance curve of the target driver. This is a passive ...

Figure 1. C-R-L model of bypass capacitor and its impedance vs. frequency curve. Simple SPICE listing of a Murata GRM32ER60J476ME20 part is on the left, impedance plot is on the right. The solid line ...

Fig. 2. 470 µF tantalum capacitor impedance curves showing the ESR and ESL at 5MHz. Fig. 3. 0.1 µF Ceramic capacitor ESR and ESL measurement. The ESL is determined from the 14MHz series ...

To see if you're using a properly rated bulk capacitor, simply measure your rectifier circuit's maximum ripple (e.g., at minimum load impedance ... with the ripple curve. Move up or down ...