The key factor believed to underlie climate change is increased temperature, resulting from increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (i.e., the “greenhouse effect”; IPCC 2007 ...

Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have been steadily rising, from approximately 315 ppm (parts per million) in 1959 to a current atmospheric average of approximately 385 ppm (Keeling et al.

876-885 (10 pages) ABSTRACT Water vapor, while usually a small contributor to the atmospheric refractive index for astronomical ... We quantify these effects for the J through N bands, discuss means ...