All 20 amino acids were found to differently affect TORC1 using two 'pathways': Pib2 and Gtr. A pathway can be thought of as a specific chain reaction that leads to certain outcomes in a cell.

September 13, 2024 Amino acid chain. [Christoph Burgstedt/Getty Images] Scientists trying to engineer biologic molecules with new functions have long felt limited by the 20 amino-acid building blocks.