Niangua is a city in Webster County, Missouri, United States. The population was 405 at the 2010 census. Niangua is part of the Spring…Niangua is a city in Webster County, Missouri, United States. The population was 405 at the 2010 census. Niangua is part of the Springfield, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. The first settlement was made at Niangua prior to the Civil War. A post office called Niangua has been in operation since 1870. The community takes its name from the nearby Niangua River.